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Less frequent verbs of this kind are often a source of mistakes for children learning to speak, and also for some adults: Common non-diphthongizing verbs include acercar(se), beber, comer, comprar, conocer, correr, creer, deber, dejar, entrar, esperar, lamentar, llegar, llevar, meter, parecer, poner, prometer, quedar, regresar, responder, suceder, temer, and tomar. Many verbs with -e- or -o- in the root do not alternate. Additional diphthongizing verbs include acordar(se) (o-ue), divertir(se) (e-ie), doler (o-ue), empezar (-zar e-ie, -ezar), encontrar (o-ue), entender (e-ie), llover (o-ue), morir (o-ue, -morir), mostrar (o-ue), mover (o-ue), poder (o-ue, -poder), probar (o-ue), querer (e-ie, -querer), recordar (o-ue), sentar(se) (e-ie-i), tener (e-ie, -tener, G-Verb), venir (e-ie, -venir, G-Verb), volar (o-ue), and volver (o-ue, -olver). The verbs sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising. Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc. are used, but Spanish Royal Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish.
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(*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. The following examples show that all three conjugations ( -ar, -er, and -ir verbs) include some diphthongizing verbs (only some tenses and persons are shown, for contrasting purposes): Also, the -ue- diphthong is written -üe- after g, with the diaeresis to indicate that the letter is not silent ( averg onzarse > me averg üenzo) ( reflexive, go-güe -zar). In word-initial position, *ie- is written ye- ( errar > yerro) (e-ie > ye) and *ue- is written hue- ( oler > huele) (o-ue > hue, oler). Exceptionally, the -u- of j ugar (u-ue -gar, -jugar) and the -i- of adqu irir (i-ie) also are subject to diphthongization ( juega, etc. The dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong, because, in the infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. In a diphthongizing verb, the change turns -e- into -ie- and -o- into -ue- when the syllable in question is stressed, which in effect happens only in the singular persons and third-person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative (all other tenses and forms are stressed on their endings, not their stems). Some verbs with -e- or -o- in their stem are inherently diphthongizing, whereas others are not: their identities must be learned individually. s entir, s iente, s intió (e-ie-i**ir) d ormir, d uerme, d urmió) (o-ue-u). Some verbs, in their various forms, can exhibit both kinds of changes (e.g. Vowel raising changes the mid vowels -e- and -o- to the corresponding high vowels: -i- and -u- respectively. Diphthongization changes -e- to -ie-, and -o- to -ue. Both changes affect -e- or -o- in the last (or only) syllable of a verb stem.
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There are two kinds of changes that can affect stem vowels of some Spanish verbs: diphthongization and vowel raising. Unstressed i is dropped between ll or ñ and a vowel: bullir > bulló (not *bullió) (-llir/-ñir), tañer > tañó (-ñer).This does not apply to verbs ending in -quir (for example, delinquir > delinquió, delinquieron). Unstressed i is written y between non-silent vowels: caer > cayó, cayeron (-aer, -caer) construir > construyó, construyeron (-uir).But this option is not available for vio). However, the forms lié /liˈe/ and lió /liˈo/, fié and fió, guié and guió, and crié and crió can also be written with the accent mark by writers who pronounce these forms as bisyllabic. Stress mark not used in monosyllabic forms: liar > lie /lje/, lio /ljo/ ver > vi, vio.Stress mark on stressed i after a, e or o: caer > caímos (-caer), leer > leímos (-eer), oír > oímos (-ír, -oír) this does not apply to any G-verbs such as traer and its related forms.The examples are several forms of otherwise regular preterites: Other predictable changes involve stress marks, i- y alternations and i-dropping, some of which are sometimes considered as irregularities. /ɡw/: gu- gü: averiguar > averigüemos (-guar)./ɡ/: g- gu: negar > neguemos (-gar), distinguir > distingamos (-guir).But in verbs ending in -jar, the j is kept before e: mojar > mojemos (not * mogemos). /θ/: z- c: gozar > gocemos (-zar), vencer > venzamos (-cer)./k/: c- qu: tocar > toquemos (-car), delinquir > delincamos (-quir).The following examples use the first person plural of the present subjunctive: 4.3 Anomalous stems in the preterite and derived tensesĭue to the rules of Spanish orthography, some predictable changes are needed to keep the same consonant sound before a or o and e or i, but these are not usually considered irregularities.4.2 Irregular forms in the future, conditional and imperative.4.1 Endings starting with o/a in er/ir verbs.